Respiration
respiration is defined as a process of biochemical oxidation of nutrients the presence of specific enzymes at optimum temperature in the cells to release energy for metabolic activities.
it is a catabolic process in which exchange of gases takes place between the body and the outside environment.
The first step is breakdown of glucose a six carbon molecule into a three carbon molecule called pyruvate or pyruvic acid. it is common to all this process of conversion of glucose to pyruvate that is glycolysis, takes place inside the cytoplasm of the all cell.
After this the conversion of pyruvate into another substance depends on the presence or absence of oxygen.
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Types of respiration
1.Aerobic respiration :
The process in which large amount of energy is released in the presence of oxygen from The breakdown of the food substances is called aerobic respiration.
It takes place in mitochondria.
This process starts in cytoplasm and continues in the mitochondria of the cell. glucose molecule releases 38 ATP molecules.
Water and carbon dioxide are produced as the waste products.the energy released during this process is used for all other life processes.
The release of energy in aerobic process is a lot greater than in the anaerobic process.
It takes place in mitochondria.
This process starts in cytoplasm and continues in the mitochondria of the cell. glucose molecule releases 38 ATP molecules.
Water and carbon dioxide are produced as the waste products.the energy released during this process is used for all other life processes.
The release of energy in aerobic process is a lot greater than in the anaerobic process.
2. Anaerobic respiration:
The respiratory process in which small amount of energy is released in the absence of oxygen from breakdown of food substances is called anaerobic respiration.
It takes place in yeast bacteria and human muscles.
The anaerobic respiration produces only two ATP molecules of glucose molecule and carbon dioxide is released during this process.
it is termed as fermentation in microorganisms and is of following types on the basis of the product formed.
1. Alcoholic fermentation:
the incomplete button of sugar and ethanol and carbon dioxide to release energy. This process occurs mainly in East, which is used to produce beer, wine.
2. Lactic acid fermentation.:
The process of incomplete breakdown of sugar into lactic acid and energy in some bacteria. In yogurt making, some bacteria causes milk to turn sour.
These bacteria feed on sugar and break it into lactic acid.
In our muscles, during vigorous physical exercise, glucose is metabolised to form lactic acid.
The accumulation of lactic acid causes fatigue and muscle cramps after prolonged exercises.
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Stages of respiration
The respiratory process in which small amount of energy is released in the absence of oxygen from breakdown of food substances is called anaerobic respiration.
It takes place in yeast bacteria and human muscles.
The anaerobic respiration produces only two ATP molecules of glucose molecule and carbon dioxide is released during this process.
it is termed as fermentation in microorganisms and is of following types on the basis of the product formed.
1. Alcoholic fermentation:
the incomplete button of sugar and ethanol and carbon dioxide to release energy. This process occurs mainly in East, which is used to produce beer, wine.
2. Lactic acid fermentation.:
The process of incomplete breakdown of sugar into lactic acid and energy in some bacteria. In yogurt making, some bacteria causes milk to turn sour.
These bacteria feed on sugar and break it into lactic acid.
In our muscles, during vigorous physical exercise, glucose is metabolised to form lactic acid.
The accumulation of lactic acid causes fatigue and muscle cramps after prolonged exercises.
Stages of respiration
- External respiration:. (a) Breathing: it is the process of taking the required gas and giving out with or un required gases. It involves inhalation and exhalation. (b) Gaseous exchange: it takes place between blood and alveolar air across the alveolar wall that is diffusion of O2 from lungs to blood and CO2 from blood to lungs.
- Internal respiration : it is the gaseous exchange between arterial blood and the body cells.
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